Abstract
For centuries, there is emerging interest in plants to treat a wide range of diseases Hence, this study aimed to assess the acute and sub-chronic oral toxicity of Vernonia amygdalina methanol leaves extract (VAMLE) in rats. Phytochemical screening of V. amygdalina was carried out by specified reagents, and the confirmation of their presence was established through observable color precipitation changes, following established protocols for phytochemical screening. To assess acute oral toxicity (LD50), the limit dose test was employed, while in the sub-chronic toxicity study, graded daily doses of 150, 300, 600, and 1200 mg/kg were administered over a 28-day period. The Phytochemical analysis of VAMLE indicated the presence of saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, and phenol. A single dose of 3000 mg/kg of VAMLE did not result in any signs of toxicity or mortality during the 14-day observation period, suggesting an LD50 value above 3000 mg/kg. In the 28-day repeated dose study, rats were administered VAMLE at doses of 150, 300, 600, and 1200 mg/kg of body weight. Hematological parameters showed no significant (P≤0.05), except for some treated groups exhibiting increased differential blood count and decreased platelet count. Analysis of serum liver enzymes, cholesterol, uric acid, total protein, albumin, electrolytes, and creatinine did not demonstrate significant alterations in the extract-treated groups compared to the control group. However, the treated groups did show notable differences in glucose, bilirubin, and urea levels compared to the control group. Hence, the sub-chronic administration of VAMLE in rats did not result in significant acute or sub-chronic toxic effects. This research provides valuable insights into the toxicological profile of V. amygdalina methanol leaves extract in albino rats, highlighting potential concerns related to its use.

Key words: Toxicity, Vernonia amygdalina, Methanol, Medicinal plant, Phytochemical